Only dc circuits with resistors are used as examples. Thevenins theorem is not by itself an analysis tool, but the basis for a very useful method of simplifying active circuits and complex networks because we can. Original circuit nortons equivalent circuit thevenins equivanlent circuit. In a reversible queueing system, it is often possible to replace an uninteresting subset of queues by a single fcfs or ps queue with an appropriately chosen service rate. Create the nortons equivalent circuit by first creating a current source of required equivalent current in amperes 2 a in this case, and then measure the current across the load using an ammeter. A complex twoterminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source. Where i n is the shortcircuit current through the terminals load resistor and r n is equivalent resistance at the terminals when all the independent sources are turned off. These cases have typically been dealt with in difficult and non systematic. As with thevenins theorem, everything in the original circuit except the load resistance has been reduced to an equivalent circuit that is simpler to analyze. Create the actual circuit and measure the current across the load points. It reduces the need for repeated solutions of the same sets of equations. Any twoterminal network consisting of resistors, fixed voltagecurrent sources and linear dependent sources is externally equivalent to a circuit. Like thevenins theorem, it simplifies the circuit one needs to study and dramatically reduces potential calculation errors nortons theorem states that networks with voltage and current sources, as well as resistors are electrically equivalent to one single current source and one single resistor in parallel with the. A few examples clarify how sources are removed and total solutions obtained.
Nortons theorem for linear electrical networks, known in europe as the mayernorton theorem, states that any collection of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an. This theorem is named thevenins theorem on the name of a scientist thevenin, he fist apply this theorem to the analysis of a circuit. Nortons theorem example with solution electronics tutorials. Norton theorem norton equivalent current and resistance. Find v th to find thevenins voltage v th, remove 3. The thevenin theorem helps us to reduce the complex electrical circuits to a single voltage source and a single resistance. Nortons theorem, thus, greatly reduces and simplifies a circuit. Nortons theorem is a network reduction electrical network analysis technique which can be used to analyse the current through a branch in complex network of linear electronic components. Thevenins theorem introduction thevenins theorem is a very important and useful theorem. Thevenin theorem, thevenins theorem solution example. A few examples are presented after this page to illustrate the use of thevenins theorem. Nortons theorem says that a linear twoterminal electric circuit may be exchanged with a norton equivalent circuit consisting of a current source, i n, in parallel with a norton resistor r n. Norton theorem is just alternative of thevenin theorem. The main difference between thevenins theorem and nortons theorem is that, thevenins theorem provides an equivalent voltage source and.
Like the thevenin equivalent, the norton equivalent does not take into account the resistance of the load the output the circuit is powering. Thevenins theorem states that any linear electrically complex circuit is reduced into a simple electric circuit with one voltage and resistance connected in series. Kirchho s laws 4 a v v 6 v 3 2 i 5 v 0 v i 0 5 r i 4 6 3 i 3 v 4 i 2 2 r 1 v 1 i 1 a b c e d kirchho s current law kcl. Nortons theorem nortons theorem states that a linear active network consisting of independent or dependent voltage source and current sources and the various circuit elements can be substituted by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance.
It is a method for the reduction of a portion of a complex circuit into a simple one. A brief introduction to nortons theorem electronics hub. Then we remove the voltage source and short circuit it. The importance of thevenins and nortons theorems when dealing with special cases of electric circuits is demonstrated. In contrast to the thevenins theorem, nortons theorem replaces the part of the circuit with an equivalent circuit that constitute a current source and a parallel resistance. Therefore, the norton equivalent circuit is a source transformation of the thevenin equivalent circuit. Nortons theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and parallel resistance connected to a load. Find vo in the circuit using source transformation. Suppose, in a complex network we have to find out the current through a particular branch. This theorem says that any circuit with a voltage source and a network of resistors can be transformed into one voltage source and one resistor. Thevenin theorem with a step by step example basics of. In this theorem, the circuit network is reduced into a single constant current source in which, the equivalent internal resistance is connected in parallel with it.
Thevenins theorem thevenins theorem states that a linear twoterminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source v th in series with a resistor r th where v th is the open circuit voltage at the terminals and r th is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources. Norton theorem examples pdf norton theorem examples pdf norton theorem examples pdf download. Nortons theorem states that any linear complex electrical circuit can be reduced into a simple electric circuit with one current and resistance connected in parallel. In the article nortons theorem example with solution we had solved various kind of problem regarding nortons theorem. In the end, nortons theorem produces a single current source with a single resistance in parallel, along with the load. Iv characteristics for several non renewable resources of energy pdf example twoterminal circuits, using the. Every voltage source can be converted into equivalent current source. From the circuit shown below determine the current through the 10 resistor using a thevenin s theorem, and b norton s theorem. Thevenins theorem is the most used and useful approach to solve electrical networks. The current source being the shortcircuited current across the load terminal and the resistance being the. For understanding in depth regarding thevenins theorem let us consider thevenins theorem examples as. Just as with thevenins theorem, the qualification of linear is identical to that found in. Easy step by step procedure with example pictorial views nortons theorem may be stated under.
Also similar to thevenins theorem are the steps used in nortons theorem to calculate the norton source current i. The passive circuit equivalent of nortons theorem in queuing theory is called the chandy herzog woo theorem. Thevenins theorem and its application electrical concepts. Thevenins theorem provides an easy method for analyzing power circuits, which typically has a load that changes value during the analysis process. Anant agarwal and jeffrey lang, course materials for 6. L thevenin, made one of these quantum leaps in 1893. Thevenins and nortons theorems in the context of dc voltage. This theorem is an extension of the thevenins theorem, proposed by e. Chapter 5 nortons equivalent circuit find the short circuit current isc, apply kvl for the large loop. In fact, the application of each theorem to ac networks is very similar in content to that found in this chapter. Thevenin equivalent circuit any twoterminal linear network, composed of. The behavior of voltage versus resistance for such circuits can be easily performed using the thevenin theorem.
Nortons theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and parallel load. Find the norton source current by removing the load resistor from the original circuit and calculating the current through a short wire jumping across the. We have followed the convention that current leaving a node is positive. Verification of nortons theorem using the simulator, step1.
This is not a new way or approach rather its the same conventional way what we use to solve electrical networks but in an organized manner. Use nortons theorem for analysis of dc circuits and study the advantage of this. First we are about to find the thevenins resistance. Nortons thereom is identical to thevenins theorem except that the equivalent circuit is an independent current source in parallel with an impedance resistor. By using this theorem we can reduce the complexity of any circuit network and can simplify if only two criteria fulfilled 1st the network is linear and 2nd is bilateral. To find the thevenins resistance we remove the resistance r l and open circuit the ab terminals. Thevenins theorem and its application by g r sinha 9 th june, 2017 thevenins theorem thev enins theorem stat es that a linear an d bilater al netwo rk can be. It is useful to analyze circuits with many voltage and current sources. While solving these example we are assuming that you have knowledge of nortons theorem. Many times the electrical circuits contain multiple current and voltage sources with different components.
Easy step by step procedure with example pictorial views this is another useful theorem to analyze electric circuits like thevenins theorem, which reduces linear, active circuits and complex networks into a simple equivalent circuit. This theorem provides an efficient way to calculate the voltage and current flowing across a load without having. For understanding in depth regarding norton theory, let us consider nortons theorem examples as follows. Nortons theorem dc network analysis electronics textbook. The different problems pertaining to notons theorem are discussed here. Nortons theorem is a powerful tool for solving electrical circuits. Nortons theorem explained learning about electronics.